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THE  '-'  :'''J"  :*V   '••  °  *'  '  '* 

INTELLECTUAL    TORCH; 

»• 
DEVELOPING    AN    ORIGINAL,    ECONOMICAL    AND 

EXPEDITIOUS    PLAN    FOR    THE 

UNIVERSAL  DISSEMINATION 

OJT 

KNOWLEDGE  AND  VIRTUE; 

BY    MEANS     OF 

FREE    PUBLIC    LIBRARIES* 

INCLUDING    ESSAYS    OV 

THE  USE  OF  DISTILLED  SPIRITS. 

i 


Br  DOCTOR  JESSE  TORREY,  Jun. 

Founder  of  the  Free  Juvenile  Library,   established  at  New-Let* 

anon,  in  the  year  1804;  and  Author  of  "  A  Portraiture 

of  Domestic  Slavery  in  the  United  States," &c. 


EDITION',  PEVISED  BT  THE  AUTHOR; 
Selections  being-  omitted  and  original  matter  added. 


JULLSTON  SPA  : 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHOR. 

J.    COMSTOCK,    PRINTER. 

1S17. 


the  People  of  the  United  States, 


THE  Author  of  this  brief  desultory  publication, 
begs  to  be  understood  that  he  has  not  written  for  the 
purpose  of  acquiring  literary  popularity,  but  \vith  the 
hope  of  popular  utility  ; — regarding  the  quality  of  the 
matter  itself,  ralher  than  the  garb  in  which  it  is  clothed. 

fie  has  lon£  cherished  a  decided  confidence  that  if  the 
community  would  appropriate  as  much  wealth  to  the 
instruction  of  the  rising  generation,  as  is  now  devoted  to 
the  punishment  of  crimes,  the  desired  object  would  be 
attained,  and  human  misery  averted,  to  a  much  greater 
extent. 

The  plan  here  proposed,  for  the  general  diffusion  dl 
knowledge  through  the  medium  of  FREE  LIBRARIES, 
has  been  submitted  to  the  consideration  of  several  of 
the  most  eminent  statesmen  and  philanthropists  in  the 
United  States,  and  feceived  their  unanimous  and  cordial 
approbation. 

Mental  improvement  is  relied  on  as  the  most  effectual 
antidote  to  the  prevailing  temperate  and  intemperate  in- 
dulgence in  the  use  of  spirituous  liquors. 

Having  sought  with  intense  diligence,  to  detect  the 
origin  of  the  various  calamities,  which  afflict  Society,,  I 
feel  urged  by  a  sense  of  fraternal  duty,  to  promulgate  the 
result,  of  my  enquiries  and  experience;  and  solicit  cf  my 
fe!l«TV'  citizen?,  only  such  share  of  their  approbation  anil 
reward  as  they  may  find  niy  humble  efforts  entitled  to. 
August  6th,  '1?17. 

&     ~?r#     ..F-Z    T- 


THE 

INTELLECTUAL  TORCH. 


M in  s  general  ignorance,  eld  a$  thejtoodt 
For  ages  on  ages  has  steeped  him  in 


NOW  LEDGE  is  essentially  necessary  to  the  \ve-U 
.  *»clug  unu  fcsp-r«  »»««*- of  every  memner  of  the  hv< 
family,  whether  ai;iie  or  female,  rich  or  poo/. 

-To  ignorance  may  be  traced,  the  origin  of  most  of  Jhe 
vices,  crimes,  errors  and  follies  that  distract  and    destroy 
mankind*     It  is  Hie  mother  of  misery  ;-— a  mazy  labyrinth 
of  perpetual   night*     Knowledge!   on    the   contrary,  IP  a 
torch  perpetually  darning,  which  enables  its  possessor,  to 
:v;<-  (-)em'iy  urnf  uiuleratftnd  every  k':\w$  tiMi  • 
him.     It  affords  certain   eonaolfctien,  in  all  oaiat 
cully  and  danger.     Besides  the  iuieSlect?iai  pl^a^yrcj  d«- 
rived  from   the  pos$cp$i.o.n  of  knowledge,   v/hich  far  ex- 
ceeds that  of  animal  sensuality,  the  vrell  informed    i^aa, 
(mechanic,  farmer,  or  of  whatever  profession)  being  ac« 
qaainted  with  the  laws  of  nature — with  moral  and  physi- 
cal causes  and  effects,  i«  capable  of  providing,  generally 
\\irh  certainty,  for  the  prosperity  and  security  of  himself 
and  his  family. 

•Confucius,  the  anc'i3at  Chinese  Philanthropist,  who 
disseminated  virtue  jind  happiness  over  a  vast  Empire, 
and  is  there  venerated  as  a  messenger  from  God,  to  this 
day,  says,  "  Human  nature  came  to  us  from  Heaven  pure 
and  perfect;  hut  in  process  of  time,  ignorance,  the  pas- 
sions and  evil  examples  have  corrupted  it.  All  consists 
in  restoring  it  to- its  primitive  heau'y  ;  and  to  be  perfect 
we  must  ascend  to  that  point  from  which  we  have  fallen. 
Obey  Heaven  and  follow  the  orders  of  him  who  governs 


552.176 


it.  Lore  your  neighbor  as  yourself.*—"  Bad  as  the  times 
are  I  shall  do  all  I  can  to  recall  men  to  virtue  ;  for  in  vir- 
tue are  all  things." 

While  our  generous  Legislatures  are  imitating  the  pol- 
icy of  European  Monarchies,  by  making  liberal  appropri- 
ations for  enlightening  the  few>  by  the  endowment  of 
Colleges  and  Universities,  would  not  the  many  (\vho,  in 
this  country,  supply  their  legislators  with  power  as  well  as 
money)  cordially  cherish  a  policy,  calculated,  at  the  same 
lime,  to  diffuse  a  small  portion  of  the  accumulated  treas- 
ures of  intellectual  light  of  the  present  era,  amongst  them- 
sejvea  and  their  own  children.* 

Joseph  Lancaster  has  discovered  a  method,  which 
give3  incalculable  facility  to  the  universal  dissemination 
of  the  preliminary  rudiments  of  science;  and  is  rapidly 
gaining  general  assent  in  the  United  Slates.  But  the  ed- 
ucation of  youth  should  not  cease  with  the  expiration  of 
their  attendance  on  public  school*.  The  chasm  between 
this  period  and  that  of  their  corporeal  matuiity,  contains 
many  stumbling  blocks  and  dangerous  snares.  '  The  art 
of  reading,  without  hooks  to  read,  is  to  the  mind,  as  is  a  set 
of  good  teeth  to  the  body,  without  food  to  masticate;  they 
Kill  alike  suffer  the  evils  of  disease,  decay,  aud  eventual 
rnin. 

The  priating  press  is  the  main  engine,  and  books  are 
the  rapid  vehicles  far  the  general  distribution  of  knowl- 
edge .  Yet  notwithstanding  the  prodigious  difference  be- 
tween the  cost  of  book*  within  the  last  400  years,  and 
the  whole  anterior  space  of  time,  but  few  comparatively 
C£3.E:£.et  the  expense  of  private  libraries.  Computing 
the  leasure  of  every  y  out  ft  to  n*  t  ,ro  hours  dally  from  the 
age  of  ten  to  twenty-one  years,,  independent  of  the  requi- 
site time  for  labor,  sleep,  eating,  recre:ir!'>n,  to.  and  if  te 
s  i*  T.cierU  for  reading  a  library  of  seven  h-.indred  voluirrra 


*  The  la*"  enthusiastic  OVfnv^on  of  the  ri<rht«  of  man,  Samuel 
AcUxms,  i»  a  letter  to  IMS  verier  <b!.c;  friend,  John  Ad  mis,  exerting 
his  utmost  eloquence  to  convince  him  of  the  superiority  of  the 
representative  system  of  legislation,  exclaims  —  "In  order  to  se- 
cure the  perpetuation  of  our  excellent  form  of  government  to  fu- 
ture generations,  let  Divines  and  Philosophers,  Statesmen  and 
Patriots,  unite  their  endeavors  to  renovate  the  age,  by  impress- 
ing the  minds  of  the  people  with  the  importance  of  educating 
ttif--ir  Uttle  Boys  and  Girls,*'  &.c. 


duodecimo,  of  300  pages  each.  This  only  season  for  lay- 
ing the  foundation  of  a  virtuous  and  happy  life,  to  the 
greatest  portion  of  mankind,  is  totally  lost.  It  is  only  ne- 
cessary to  oifar  knowledge  to  the  voluntary  acceptance 
of  youth,  in  a  proper  manner,  to  produce  an  ardent  appe- 
tite for  it. 

Intellectual  cultivation  is  the  basis  of  virtue  and  hap- 
piness. As  mental  improvement  advances,  vice  and 
crimes  recede.  That  desirable  happy  era,  when  the 
spiritof  peace  and  benevolence  shall  pervade  all  the  na- 
tions which  inhabit  the  earth,  when  both  national  and 
personal  slavery  -shall  be  annihilated;  when  nations  and 
individuals  shall  cease  to  hunt  and  destroy  each  other'* 
lives  and  property;  when  the  science  and  implements  of 
human  preservation  and  felicity?  shall  be  substituted  for 
those  of  slaughter  and  woe;  will  commence,  precisely  at 
the  moment  when  the  rays  of  useful  knowledge  and  wis- 
dom, shall  have  been  extended  to  the  whole  human  fam- 
ity.  By  useful  knowledge,  I  mean,  not  only  an  acquain- 
tance with  valuable  arts  and  sciences,  but  also  an 
understanding  of  our  various  moral  and  religious  duties, 
in  relation  to  our  creator,  to  our  neighbor,  and  to  our*- 
.;il\vs.  By  wisdom,  I  mean  that  kind  ofsftgacity,  which 
i:ri!H-:ii*es  us  to  regulate  our  passions  and  conduct,  m 
*ic?nformify  to  the  precepts  of  knowledge,  reasoa  and  re- 
in. Until  an  approach  towards  such  a  state  of  thing*, 
h  effected,  the  names  of  peace  ^liberty,  and  security,  on  this 
earth,  will  differ  but  little  from  an  ignis  fatuus,  either  to 
monarehs  or  their  vassals.  At  present,  violence  bears 
universal  and  imperial  sway;  and  ignorance  is  the  ma- 
gic spell  which  sustains  is  sceptre.  This  dense  ra^t 
which  enshroud?  nearly  the  whole  human  race,  can  be 
penetrated  and  removed,  with  much  greater  certainty 
and  facility,  by  the  mild  but  invincible  rays  of  intellect?!- 
,-:i  ii'jfht,  than  by  opposing  violence  with  violence,  ami 
ev'.l  to  evil.  The  countryman  in  ^s-op's  Fables,  was  in- 
duced to  throw  off  his  cloak,  by  the  gentle  but  melting 
rays  of  the  physical  sun,  after  the  wind  had  exerted  its 
fury  in  vaia.  What  a  boundless  empire  of  glory  and  WM- 
alloyed  bliss,  might  the  monarehs  am!  governments  of  the 
different  nations,  and  all  possessors  of  wealth  attain,  by 
causing  their  numerous  subjects  and  brethren,  perpetual- 
ly encompassed  by  the  snares  of  ignorance,  vice,  and  op- 
pressicm,  to  le  instructed  ;  thereby  elevating  poor  de^ra- 
A  2 


ded  aflicted  humnn  nature,  to  that  scale  of  dignity  in  in? 
creation,  which  was  evidently  assigned  tail  by  the  su- 
preme parent  of  the  universe.  Incur  country,  particu- 
larlj',  instruction  ought  to  be  universal.  For  virtue  only 
can  sustain  and  perpetuate  our  political  organization 
"  With  knowledge  and  virtue  the  united  efforts  of  ignor- 
ance and  tyranny  may  he  defied."  (Miner,  governor  of 
]SJorth  Carolina.)  '*  In  a  goverurfttafc  where  all  mny  as- 
pire, to  the  highest  offices  in  the  state,  it  'h  essential  that 
educatioa  should  be  placed  within  the  reach  of  ail.— 
Without  intelligence,  self  government,  our  dearest  privi- 
lege cannot  he  exercised."  (Nicholas,  governor  of  Virgin- 
ia.) "  Without  knowledge,  the  blessings  of  liberty  can- 
not be  fully  enjoyed  or  long  preserved,,'' (President  Mad- 

:V-> 

Genera!  Washington,  in  h;s  valedictory  address  to  the 
•people  of  the  United  State?,  883*3,  *'  Promote  then,  as  ob- 
jects of  primary  importance,  institutions  for  the  general 
diffusion  of  knowledge,  in  proportion  as  the  structure  of 
the  government  gives  force  to  public  opinion,  it  is  essen- 
tial that  public  opinion  should  be  e\?. lightened." 

But  it  has  been  questioned  whether  our  conslitution 
authorises  the  adoption  of  measures  for  the  -diffusion  of 
knowledge  and  science.  If  our  constitution  does  not 
BOW  authorise  measures  which  are  likely  to  produce  the 
greatest  possible  benefit  to  the  country,  and  security  to 
its  liberties,  it  ought  without  dzky  to  bs  so  amended  that 
it  should. 

Let  American  Legislators,  both  national  and  section- 
al, perform  their  duty  to  their  country,  and  its  posterity  ; 
and  to  mankind,  by  listening  to  the  v; be  counsels  of  ma- 
rry conspicuous  living  sages,  and  pursue  without  hes'ta- 
the  inestimable  "parting  advice'9  of  George  Wash- 
irigton,  Benjamin  Riish,Saniuel  Adams,  and  oilier  de- 
parted friends  and  patrons  of  man  ;  and  establish  public 
schools,  and  judiciously  selected  free  public  circulating 
libraries,  in  every  part  of  the  Republic.  And  as  all 
men  are  vitally  interested  in  the  universal  dissemination 
of  knowledge  and  virtue,  let  all  classes  combine  their  in- 
fluence and  means,  in  aiding  the  cause  of  human  happi- 
ness. 

*s  Postpone,  O  ye  Sages  all  meaner  debates— 
Convinced  that  'tis  lig-ht,  must  establish  our  states  ; 


Dispense  and  diffuse  it — gild  empire  like  day, 

Convinced  that  with  freemen  full  knowledge  is  sway  i'5 

«'  'Tis  Ignorance  mainly  feirvls  people  in  chains, 

"TisS  this  oo' 1'ia  ctrnpivc  o'  F^llv  maintains  ! 

Vice  shrinlvs  from  insn'iicliou  like  Ghost  from  the  light  ; 

And  Dcspou  shun,  noon-tide  and   cjvjt  the  right." 


Tbe  discovery  of  the  art  of  printing   and  of  manure 
L;^  a  vast  ascendency  over  oar  ances- 
tors ia  the  i ion  of  knowledge.     Dr.  Darwin  very 
••«'!y,  and    very     ei^ganiiy.    c.-'hs  the  "  PR!  NTiNG 
F  R  E                   > ;  o  #  ^  y  ;  e  f  j  I  o  f  /n  o ». !  a  r n  lave  n  I  io  n  s  ;   t  h  e  c  a- 
pacioiK  reservoir  «'.{' ljj-rs;iii  knowledge,  whose  branching 
strea:  ices,   arts  and  rao.'ality,    ih rough   ail 
nation -3  rjjfi  ap:es.5) 

Let  us  suppose  Confucius,  Socrates  and  Seneca,  were 
permitted  to  resume  the  possession  of  their  former  bodies 
am!  estates;  arid  rcfiia'non  the  earth  for  five  years.  •  • 
Would  they  not  be  transported  \vith  ecstacy,on  behold- 
ing a  paper-mill  and  a  printing  press.  And  yet  would 
they  not  ween  with  regret  and  wonder,  to  find  how  few 
of  the  inhabitants  even  of  civilized  and  apparently  en- 
lightened portions,  of  the  earth,  are  in  possession  of  the 
inestimable  moral  precepts  which  they  had,  with  so  much 
labor  and  solicitude,  prepared  and  bequeathed  to  mankind? 
Seneca  possessed  an  imneeij.S9  quantity  of  we^l-h.  Would 
he  not  seize  the  opportunity  with  rapturous  avidity,  and 
invite  his  two  benevolent  colleagues  to  share  with  him  the 
happiness,  of  enlisting,  with  his*  treasure?,  every  paper- 
mill,  printing  press,  type- maker  and  printer,  that  they 
could  find,  and  devote  the  Sve  years,  totally,  to  the  prop- 
agation of  their  wisdom  to  the  remotest  regions  of  the 
Globe. 

"  It  is  a  truth  which  cannot  he  too  strongly  impressed, 
that  of  all  our  exe'tions  for  the  benefit  of  our  fellow  crea- 
tures, the  education  of  the  poor  is  the  most  efficacious."— 

[Motr,] 

Finally,  that  ignorance  is  generally  the  radical  source  of 
vice  and  poverty,  with  their  consequent  train  of  compli- 
cated catamites  ;  and  that  intelligence  generally  produ- 
ces results  directly  the  reverse,  are  truths  no  longer  prob- 
lematical. Facts  have  shown  their  claims  to  the  consid- 
eration of  the  legislator  and  the  moralist.  It  now  only 
remains  to  ascertain  the  most  expeditious,  economical, 


and  practicable  method,  by  which  the  universal  diffusion 
of  useful  knowledge  can  be  accomplished. 

In  the  early  period  of  my  youth,  a  gentleman  of  ihe 
law,  who  resided  in  the  vicinity  of  my  father's  house, 
at  New- Lebanon,  (N.  Y.)  kiudly  invited  me  to  make7 
as  much  use  of  his  excellent  library  as  I  wished,  ob- 
serving that  he  was  pleased  to  see  youug. persons  attach- 
ed to  reading,  and  glad  to  encourage  them  in  the  im- 
provement of  their  minds.  I  accepted  the  privilege 
with  gratitude,  and  improved  it  t\  ith  persevering  assidu- 
ity, as  far  as  my  leisure  permitted,  for  several  years.  I 
also  purchased  shares  in  two  public  social  libraries.  At 
the  age  of  17  years,  convinced  of  the  inestimable  bene- 
fits of  reading  useful  books,  I  anxiously  desired  that 
they  might,  if  possible,  he  extended  to  the  great  mass  of 
the  human  family  ;  and  endeavored  to  discover  some  ef- 
fective plan  for  this  purpose..  Indigence,  which  in  mosi 
nations  involves  the  majority,  appeared  to  present  the 
greatest  obstacle.  Hence  the  suggestion  occurred  that 
governments,  or  associations  of  individuals,  might  pro- 
mote the  object,  by  establishing  in  various  districts,  free  2 
circulating  libraries  >  to  be  equally  accessible  to  all  class- 
es and  sexes  without  discrimination.  With  a  view  to 
confirm  the  practicability  of  She  project,  as  well  as  to  ben- 
efit the  youth  of  the  vk-inify,  I  commenced  a  subscription 
of  money  and  books,  for  the  establishment*  of  a  free  juve- 
nile library.*  The  association  consisted  of  the  youth  of 
both  sexes,  from  the  age  of  12  to  21  years,  under  the  title 
of"  The  juvenile  society  far  the  acquisition  of  knowledge.** 
As  there~  is  seldom  a  youth  in  that  district  of  country, 
that  has  not  been  taught  the  art  of  reading, the  acceptance 
of  the  privilege  was  unanimous,  and  its  effects  evidently 


*  Dr.  Moses  Yoimglove,  of  the  city  of  Hudson,  patronized 
the  library  by  a  donation  of  about  a  dozen  volumes  of  books,  and 
addressed  to  me  an  encouraging1  letter,  dated  at  Hudson,  19Ji 
September,  1804,  which  he  concludes  thus  : 

"  I  am  much  gratified  t>  find  your  endeavors  promising*  of  u- 
tility,  so  far  beyond  what  I  anticipated  when  you  first  consulted 
me  ;  for  considering  your  youth  and  inexperience,  I  then  feared 
your  sagacity  would  be  insufficient,  but  I  must  do  you  the  justice 
to  acknowledge  the  contrary  result, 
'*  From  vour  friend, 

«M.  YOUNG-LOVE." 


9 

salutary.  The  society  and  library  contln^edl  to  accumu- 
late for  several  years.  The  permanent}7  of  the  institu- 
tion has,  however,  been  since  interrupted  by  the  frequent 
rotation  of  the  -office  of  librarian,  and  by  the  difficulty  of 
enforcing  a  compliance,  \vith  the  bye  laws.  These  in« 
conveniences  might  be  avoided  by  locating  the  libraries 
permanently  in  school-houses  or  academies,  or  in  the 
care  of  so:ne  civil  magistrate,  ami  by  having  the  bye  laws 
confirmed  by  the  legislature.  The  choice  of  suitable 
books  to  be  purchased  or  admitted  in  donation*,  ought 
to  be  decided  by  a  competent  committee.  Wei!  selected 
free  public  libraries,  it  is  believed,  would  forrrs  a  very 
.  important  auxiliary  of  public  instruction,  in  all  our 
schools,  academies,  hospitals,  alms  houses,  ca»!ottfjients, 
bridewells,  goals,  state  prisons,  penitentiaries,  workhou- 
ses, &c.  &c. 

The  utility  of  this  method  of  promoting  moral  im- 
proremcnt  might  be  rendered  {teen!?  extensive  if  govern- 
ments, or  societies  were  to  procure  the  execution,  upon  a 
large  scale,  of  several  of  the  most  essential  books  on  the 
conduct  of  life,  and  furnish  them  to  all  free  library  corn- 
pfcnies,  at  prime  cost. — 

Having  been  at  the  ci'y  of  Philadelphia  at  the  time 
the  "  Pennsylvania  society  for  promoting  public  Econo- 
rny,"  was  instituted  I  communicated  a  sketch  of  the  above 
plan,  in  a  letter  dated  the  4th  June,  1817,  to  Rohens 
Yaux,  Esq.  one  of  the  members  of  the  Common  Council 
of  the  city,  who  was  the  chairman  of  a  coinrnitte,  ap» 
pointed  by  the  society,  on  public  schools.  lie  inform- 
ed me  that  the  committee  considered  the  idea  new  and 
valuable,  and  had  irwtrucfed  him  to  introduce  it  in  his 
report  of  a  system  of  public  education  which  it  was  con- 
templated to  adopt.  He  said  they  considered  the  plan 
particularly  adapted  for  the  benefit  of  numerous  apprenti- 
ces, v.  ho  are  prevented,  during  several  years  of 'their  ser- 
vice, from  attending  public  schools,  by  their  occupations. 

Having  formerly  published  a  sm.'ill  volume  of  anony- 
mous Essays  under  the  title  of  the  "  Inldlectual  Flambeau,'3 
treating  principally  on  morals  and  the  diffusion  of  know- 
ledge,(from  which,  part  of  the  materials  of  this  pamphlet 
is  derived,}  the  following!  letters  were  addressed  to  rrm, 
which,  as  they  contribute  to  elucidate  the  subjects  now 
under  consideration,  I  think  useful  to  insert, 


10 

From  S&muel  L.  Mitchell,  L.  L.  $,  &c. 

NEW-YORK,  June  12th, 
Bit, 

The  mail  brought  me,^  short  time  since,  a  copy  of  vour 
Intellectual  Faimbeau.  I  find  thereby  that  you  have 
exerted  year  mind  zealously  and  long,  in  favor  of  benefi- 
cence and  knowledge.  It  is  agreeable  to  see  y oar  detach- 
ed essays  and  fugitive  pieces  collected  into  a  book.  It 
was  fine  saying,  "  gather  up  the  fragments  that  none  he 
lost." 

His  a  peculiar  feature  of  our  social  condition  in  the 
Fredtsh  dominions, that  information  is  so  generally  spread 
arnon^  the  people.  There  is  another  trait  of  character, 
of  no  less  importance,  the  disposition  to  do  what  is  right, 
The  theory  of  those  articles  of  our  political  constitutions, 
u  derived  from  the  consideration  that  our  citizens,  in  the 
exercise  ofib£  ekcJiye.  franchise,  are  wise  to  understand, 
jyVq  virtuous  to  do,  their  outy.  /inu  vume  tins  state  con- 
tinues, we  shall  he  the  haprpie&t  nation  on  earth*  But.  a 
being  possessed  of  knowledge  without  virtue  is  a  terrible 
creature,  and  comes  up  to  my  d*5niikm  of  a  devil. 

You  hav«  done.  w«l!  to  oppose  the  torrent  of  distilled 
spirits  that  is  overwhelming  the  land,  and  threatening 
ruin  to  it*  human  inhabitants.  The  broking  of  the  lev- 
#a  at  New-Orleans,  or  the  dykes  in  Holland,  is  not  half 
fee  dreadful  or  destructive  to  the  prospects  of  the  proprie- 
tors respectively,  as  the  breach  oT  the  barriers  of  tempe- 
rance, by  whiskey  aiul  rn:ii.  They  are  the  torment  and 
poison  of  the  moral  world.  Great  indeed  will  be  the 
merit  of  him  who  can  apply  an  effectual  antidote.  In 
the  distribution  of  praise  in  this  world,  sufficient  credit 
is  not  given  to  the  author  of  Mahometan  religion  forhav- 
ins  forbidden  ihe  use  of  vinous  liquors.  But  the  effects 
f;f  ardent  spisiis  are  hy  no  rreans  cpnnrteil  to  the  moral 
v.  orld.  They  extend* to  the  physical  part  of  man's  con- 
stitution, and  cause  palsies,  apoplexies,  dropsies,  drunken- 
ness, rand-ness,  and  a  number  ?»f«>?her  woes. 

Goc;n  an*1,  be  not  weary  in  weft   loing.    Be  not 
aged  :  hut  conOotie  io  render  ^ 

to  K-ett«-  •••-?.. 

A  c  c  e  r.  til.  c  a  -    u  r  r»  n  c  t  o  f  rn  v  ^  s  t  e c  ir  • 

SAMUEL  L,  UlTC 
Jc  Toiiiisv,  Jtin.  Esq- 


11 

From  Isaac  Briggs>  of  ike  Society  of  Friends. 

WILMINGTON,  Del.  6  mo.  12,  1816. 
Esteemed  Friend, 

With  pleasure  and  approbation  I  have  read  thy  little 
book  entitled,  "The  Intellectual  Flambeau;5'  and  if  this 
declaration  from  me  be  deemed  by  the  author  of  any  im- 
portance, it  is  freely  at  his  service. 

It  has  long  teen  my  settled  opinion  that  knowledge  dif- 
fused among  the  people,  is  the  best  foundation  for  civil 
liberty  and  happiness;  and  the  more  extensively  it  is 
diffused,  the  broader  and  more  firm  is  the  foundation, 
and  the  more  glorious  the  superstructure. 

To  perpetuate  the  blessing  of  liberty,  let  the  education 
of  youth  be  considered  an  important  and  honorable  em- 
ployment— let  these  who  have  plenty  assist,  gratis,  those 
who  have  but  little— let  one  youth  be  taught  by  precept 
and  example,  that  in  using  our  reasoning  powers,  truth  is 
the  only  legitimate  object,  and  that  candor  is  always  due 
to  an  opponent  in  argument. 

Thus  a  soil  may  be  prepared  in  the  yonthfal  mind,  from 
-vhichwiil  readily  spring  useful  knowledge  and  the  sweet 
charities  of  society — and  envy,  malice,  hatred  and  party- 
fpirit  would  have  little  or  no  room  to  grow. 

Collections  of  useful  and  instructive  books  in  different 
neighborhoods  would,  in  my  opinion,  powerfully  promote 
all  these  valuable  ends.  A  very  light  contribution  from 
the  purses  of  the  rich  and  honorable  would,  in  every 
neighborhood,  without  expense  to  the  poorer  classes, 
place  much  useful  knowledge  within  their  reach,  and  e- 
ven  invite  them  to  partake  of  it.  The  sclienae  appears 
to  me  fully  worthy  of  an  experiment,  fairly  made  ;  and  I 
am  glad  to  find  that  my  friend,  the  author  of  the  Intellec- 
tual Flambeau,  has  devoted  some  of  his  time  and  talents 
to  objects  so  interesting. 

ISAAC  BR1GGS. 

DR.  JE*SE  TORREY,  Jun. 

From  Simon  Snyder,  Gov.  of  the  stale  cf  Pennsylvania, 

feir, 

Ignorance  is  the  dark  fcut  broad  foundation,  upon  which 
the  tyrants  of  the  bodies  and  souls  of  men  erect  (heir 
thrones.  The  general  diffusion  of  knowledge  is  OE  the 


12    - 

Oilier  hand  the  most  efficient  means  of  ttebtroymg  the 
power  of  moral  and  political  despotism.  Few  of  mankind 
comparatively  speaking,  have  the  means  of  procuring 
and  sQli  fewer  have  the  requisite  leisure  to  study  and  di- 
gest extensive  systems  of  ethics  or  politics.  Small  tracts 
are  best  sailed  for  the  perusal  of  the  generality  of  man- 
kind. Your  little  volume  entitled  "  The  Intellectual 
Flambeau"  appears  to  me  well  calculated  to  diffuse  im- 
pressively, correct  knowledge  on  the  subject  of  morals, 
and  the  political  rights  of  man.  Much  light  on  those  ia- 
teresiittg  subjects,  is  condensed  into  a  small  compass, 
and  is  within  the  reach  of  almost  every  man,  however 
limited  his  means  or  his  leisure.  Persevere  in  your  lau- 
dable work,  and  may  your  success  equal  your  wishes,  as- 
sured that  you  will  reap  that  reward  which  results  from 
a  consciousness  of  having  endeavored  to  promote  thepre- 
seat  ?ntf  future  happiness  cf  your  fellow  men. 
Accept  assurances  of 

personal  regard  from 

SIMON  SNYDBR. 
Da.  JESSE  TCRREY,  Jun. 

Hdrfisfurg,  3th  Nov.  1816, 

Trow  N.  B.  Bcileau,  Secretary  of  ike  state  of  Pcnutvlvfr 
ma. 

EARRISBURG,  Nov.  Slh,  1816. 
Sir, 

I  cordially  agree  wfth  the  sentiments  expressed  by  the 
governor,  and  join  with  him  in  wishing  your  sucaess  may 
be  equal  to   your  philanthropic  desire — that  your  little 
book  may  have  its  due  effect  in  correcting  the  habits  of 
intemperance — the  too  predominant  and  prevailing  vice 
of  the  present  day — and  that  you  may  enjoy  the  high  sat- 
isfaction which  springe  from  an  approving  heart,  and  from 
the  evidence  that  your  labor  Iras  not  been  in  vain. 
With  best  wishes  for  your  personal  welfare 
your  ob'L  ser'fc, 

N.  B.  BOJLEAU. 
DR.  JESSE  TORRBY,  Jun. 


13 

A  SERIOUS  ADDRESS, 

To  the  Rising  Generation  of  the  United  States. 

Eminently  Favored  Youth, 

CONTEMPLATE  calmly  and  attentively,  the  sa- 
cred legacy  which  must  soon  be  committed  to  your 
charge,  in  trust  tor  your  successors — anil  eventually  for 
the  who!e  human  race  !  You  constitute  the  only  insula- 
ted Arrarat,  on  which  the  Olive  Branch  of  Peace,  and 
the  *'  glad  tidings"  of  Freedom  and  Happiness,  can  be 
deposited  and  preserved  to  a  groaning  World,  drowned 
in  fears  ! !  Prove  yourselves,  then,  deserving  of  the  ex- 
alted office  which  Providence  has  assigned  you.  To  do 
this,  it  is  indispensable  that  you  cultivate  your  understan- 
dings, and  store  them  with  the  golden  treasures  of  know- 
ledge, philosophy  and  wisdom.  Where  these  abide  Ty- 
ranny cannot  exist — no  more  than  darkness  in  the  midst 
of  sun  beams.  Know  also  that  these  will  preserve  you, 
infallibly,  from  a  species  of  slavery,  much  more  odious 
and  destructive  to  human  happiness,  than  the  most  bar- 
barous  political  despotism  that  exists, 

OF  ignorance,  vice,  and  all  the  ven'mous  passions  ;-— 
Of  intemperance,  crimes,  and  a  host  of  idle  fashions. 

Virtue  and  wisdom  are  the  offspring  of  knowledge;— 
and  "human  happiness,  says  Seneca,  is  founded  upon 
wisdom  and  virtue."  And  further,  that  "  philosophy 
gives  us  a  veneration  for  God,  a  charity  for  our  rieigbor; 
teaches  us  our  duty  to  Heaven,  and  exhorts  to  an  agree- 
ment one  with  another;  it  arms  us  against  all  difficulties; 
it  prompts  us  to  relieve  the  prisoner,  the  infirm,  the  ne- 
cessitous; it  is  the  health  of  the  mind;  shines  with  an  9- 
riginal  light  •  makes  us  happy  and  immortal*  In  pover- 
ty it  gives  us  riches  or  such  a  state  of  mind  as  makes  thei# 
superfluous." 

My  young  friends  remember  that  you  possess  within 
yourselves,  the  innate  germ  of  wisdom,  virtue,  happi- 
ness— the  spirit  of  God  in  your  hearts,  constantly  pleading 
for  your  own  welfare.  You  have  only  to  listen,  to  Una 
friendly  monitor,  and  feed  the  sacred  spark  with  the  light 
yf  instruction  and  wisdom. 

Si  Wisdom,  says  Seaeca,  instructs  uz   io  the  way  of 


nature;  to  live  happily;  teaches  us  what  things  are 
4£ood,  what  evil,  that  no  man  can  be  happy,  hut  he  that 
needs  no  other  happiness  hut  what  he  has  within  him- 
self ;  no  man  to  be  great  cr  powerful,  that  is  not  master 
of  himself.  That  this  is  the  felicity  of  human  life  ;  a 
felicity  that  can  neither  he  corrupted  or  extinguished.— 
Kay,  says  he,  so  powerful  is  virtue,  and  so  gracious  is 
Frovidenee,  that  every  man  has  a  light  set  up  within 
himself  for  a  guide,  which  we  do  all  of  us  both  see  and 
acknowledge,  though  we  do  not  pursue  it  *  That  a 
good  man  is  happy  within  himself,  and  independent  upon 
fortune  :  kind  to  his  friend  ;  temperate  to  his  enemy  :  re- 
ligiously jv.$t  ,•  inde fatig-ably  laborious,  &c.  That  there 
is  not  a  duty  to  which  Providence  has  not  annexed  a  bles- 
sing". 

Finally,  without  taking  up  the  discussion  of  future 
rewards  and  punishments,  I  must  declare  my  conviction 
that  in  our  present  stage  of  temporal  existence,  every  de- 
viation from  the  path  of  rectitude  and  duly,  is  as  cei- 
tainly  punished  wiih  its  appropriate  penalty,  as  that 
pain  is  the  inevitable  consequence  of  thrusting  our  hands 
into  fire,  and  indicates  an  equal  deficiencj7  of  wisdom  and 
common  sense. 

Therefore  exert  yourselves  without  delay,  to  secure 
the  means  of  enlightening  your  understandings  with  in- 
struction. For  this  purpose  form  yourselves  into  socie- 
ties in  your  respective  neighborhoods,  an<l  establish  free 
libraries,  by  means  of  subscription?,  and  contributions  of 
books. 

"  Take  fast  hold  of  instruction  ;  let  her  not  go  ;  keep 
her  ;  for  she  is  thy  life," 

[SOLOMON.] 

I  am  not  inclined  to  advise  you  to  restrain  yourselves 
from  a  rational  indulgence  in  innocent  athletic  amuse- 
meets,  but  fail  not,  if  you  prefer  gemdne  happiness  to 
misery  and  repentance,  to  devote  the  most  of  your  eve- 
nings and  leisure  hours  to  mental  improvement  and  read- 
ing" Read  the  life  of  the  celebrated  Franklin  and  fol- 
low his  advice.  But  beware  of  the  Syren  snares  of 


*  «  I  know  the  right,  and  I  appro\re  it  too  j 
Condemn  the  wror.tr,  and  yet  the  wrong-  pursue." 

POPE* 


NOVELS.  Is  not  a  beautiful  garden,  in  a  state  of  liv- 
ing verdure,  and  native  bloom  both  more  entertaining  and 
instructive,  than  a  heap  of  counterfeit  artificial  flowers 
made  of  paper,  yielding  fruits  the  most  pernicious  ? 

Let  yoar  library  commence  with  the  following  books  ; 
making  about  20  volumes.  A  contribution  of  25  cents 
each  from  100  persons  would  probably  defray  the  cost  of 
the  whole  of  them.  The  youth,  not  already  trained  t$ 
depravity,  that  can  read  merely  these  few  books,  without 
being  fascinated  with  the  pleasures  of  science,  wisdom, 
benevolence,  and  moral  rectitude,  must  be  a  prodigy  of 
stupidity  and  worthlessness. 

The  Looking  Glass  for  the  Mind,  The  Newtonian 
System  of  Philosophy  Explained,  Burton's  Lectures  to 
Young  Ladies,  Lady's  Library,  Mayor's  Abridgment  bf 
Natural  History,  Historical  Grammar,  Blair's  Grammar 
of  Chemistry,  Joyce's  Scientific  Dialogues,  Seneca's 
Morals,  Translation  of  Xenophon's  Socrates,  Priestly'g 
Considerations  for  the  use  of  Young  Men,  Baron  Knig* 
ge's  Practical  Philosophy  of  Social  Life,  or  the  Art 
of  Conversing  with  Men,  Beauties  of  History,  History  of 
San  ford  and  Merton,  Universal  Geography,  &c. 

While  in  health,  taste  not  a  single'  drop  of  distilled 
spirit,  for  except  as  a  remedy  for  some  diseases,  it  is  a 
positive  vois  on  to  man  or  any  other  animal ;  this  import- 
ant fact  is  demonstrated,  not  only  by  chemical  analysis, 
which  proves  that  ia  the  process  of  fermentation  the  ma- 
terial of  spirit  imbibes  from  the  atmosphere  a  substance, 
called  oxygen^  the  internal  application  of  which  is  well 
known  to  be  noxious  to  animal  life ;  but  also  by  its  ef- 
fects upon  brute  animals,  some  kinds  of  which,  it  kills* 
instantaneously,  and  impedes  the  growth  of  others  t 

Accept,  beloved  youth,  these  counsels  of  your  sincere 
friend.  Heed  them  with  fidelity  ;  and  peace,  content- 
ment, good  will,  and  gladness  shall  be  the  companions  of 
your  iives. 


*An  individual  who  was  formerly  addicted  to  the  use  of  distil- 
led spirits,  stated  that  he  compelled  a  fowl  to  swallow  a  table 
spoonful  of  rum,  which  produced  immediate  dealh  ! 


16 

TO  PHILANTHROPISTS. 

yJ^SK 

In  the  hope  that  the  impulse  of  a  disposition  "  to  do  good* 
may  influence,  some  magistrate,  physician,  tutor,  preach- 
er, attorney,  private  citizen,  or  generous  youth,  in  ev- 
ery district  in  which  these  sheets  may  be  circulated  ;  to 
volunteer  his  exertions  for  the  institution  of  a  free  libra- 
ry, and  reading  society,  I  have  procured  f©r  publication, 
a  correct  copy  of  the  Constitution  originally  adopted  by 
the  Juvenile  Library  Society  at  New- Lebanon.  It  was 
composed  by  the  writer  of  these  pages,  at  the  age  of  17 
years.  The  language  or  plan  can  be  varied  as  may  be 
found  expedient. 

THE  CONSTITUTION 

Of  the  New  Lebanon  Juvenile  Society  for  the  Acquisition 
of  Knowledge. 

NEW -LEBANON,  March  13,   1804. 

WHEREAS  we  the  youth  of  New-Lebanon,  are 
fully  convinced  that  it  is  indispensably  necessary 
for  our  happiness  and  welfare,  that  we  cultivate  our  un- 
derstandings, improve  our  morals,  and  acquire  useful 
.knowledge  while  we  are  young,  and  while  our  minds  are 
susceptible  of  improvement.  And  therefore  we  do  here- 
by  agree  to  associate,  and  form  ourselves  into  a  Society, 
for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  Library,  improving  our 
minds  and  acquiring  useful  Knowledge. —  And  we  do  a- 
gree  ordain  and  determine  : — • 

1.  That  this  Society  shall   meet  together   every  first 
Monday  in  March,  and  choose  fom  among  themselves,  a 
President,  Librarian,  Secretary,  and  a  committee  of  five, 
T/ho -shall  transact  the  business  of  the  Society  and  contin- 
ue io  office  until  others  are  duly  elected. 

2.  The   President,  or  in   hi*    absence    the    Librarian 
and  three  others  of  the  committee,  shall    form  a  board 
"Ofnuetent  to  transact  ;iH  business  of  the   Society  ;  or   in 
the  absence  of  the  President  and  Librarian,    four   of  the 
comrnitteej  who-  shall  choose  a  chairman  for  the  present 
meeting. 

3.  U  shall  be  the  duty  cf  the   President  to   preside  at 
the*  meetings  and  superintend  the   concerns  of  the  Socie- 
ty ;  and  to  give  advice  as  to   the  purchase  of  suitable 
becks,  &c« 


17 

4.  It  shall  be  the  business  of  the  Librarian  to  keep  the 
books  caref.ily  that  belong  to  this  Society,  and  write  on 
each  of  them,  that  it  belongs  to  "  The  Library  of  the 
New- Lebanon  Juvenile  society  for  the  Acquisition  of 
Know  ledge;"  to  receive  all  contributions  of  money  or 
book*  that  may  be  made  by  the  friends  of  knowledge 
and  virtue  for  the  encouragement  aud  benefit  of  the  Soci« 
ety ;  to  receive  all  books  that  may  be  lent  to  the  Socie- 
ty :  to  keep  a  separate  catalogue  of  them,  and  an  account 
of  the  fines  received  upon  them,  which  shall  be  paid  to 
the  owners  of  the  books  ;  to  collect  fines  and  money  sub- 
scribed, which  money  he  shall  lay  out  for  books  and 
such  other  articles  as  he  shall  deem  necessary  to  promote 
the  interest  of  the  Society  ;  to  keep  a  record  of  the 
books  drawn,  and  an  account,  of  receipts  and  expenditures, 
and  to  keep  all  the  papers  and  writings  belonging  to  this 
Society. 

6.  It  shall  be  the  office  of  the  Secretary  to    write  a 
record  of  the  proceedings  and  resolutions  of  the  Society. 
Aad  as  this  association  is  formed  with  a  vieiv    to  diffuse 
useful  knowledge,  aud  promote  virtue  as  extensively  as 
possible,  the  Secretary  shall  exhibit  on  the  meeting  house 
of  New  Lebanon,  once   in  every  six  months,  an   adver- 
tisement, inviting   all  the  youth   of  New  Lebanon,  be- 
tween the  age  of  12   and  21  years,  to  join  this   Society  : 
and  the  Librarian  is  authorised  to  admit  all  such  youth  an 
members  of  the  Society,  on  signing  these  articles;  but  no 
person  shall  be  a  member  of  the  Society,  who  is  not  be- 
tween the  aforesaid  ages. 

U.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  committee  to  examine 
the  books  reiujned  at  each  meeting  ;  and  on  all 
books  damaged  by  ill  usage,  they  shall  lay  such 
fines  as  they  shall  deem  just  and  reasonable  :  tearing} 
greasing,  dirtying,  and  turning  leaves  down  to  be  con- 
sidered as  damages  done  by  ill  usage. 

7.  The  stated  monthly  meetings  of  this  Society  shall 
be  held  at  the  house  of  the  Librarian,  on  the  first  Monday 
in  every  month  in  the  year,  at  six  o'clock  in   the  after- 
noon ;  when  every  book   before  drawn  out,  shall  be  re- 
turned, in  order  that  they  may  be   inspected    and  that  a 
new  drawing  of  books  may  take  place.     And  anjr  mem- 
ber that  draws  a  book  and  neglects  to  return  it  before  the 
stated  time  aforesaid,  shall  pay  a  fine  oi  six  cents,  and 

B  2 


u 

one  cent  per  day  thereafter  until  it  is  returned  ;  and  \i 
not  re.unied  within  two  months  after  it  was  drawn  out, 
tne  delinquent  shall  pay  for  the  book  at  the  appraisal  of 
the  committee. 

8.  Any  memher   that  is  indebted  to   the   Society   for 
fines  or  otherwise,  and  neglects  to   pay  the  debt  within 
one  month  after  it  becomes  due,  shall  be  prohibited  the 
use  of  the  Library  until  it  is  paid. 

9.  A  ay  member  returning  a  book, before  drawn,  to  the 
Librarian,  before  another  meeting,  may   draw  any  other 
one  found  in  the  library. 

10.  The  members  of  this  Society  shall  be  divided  into 
six  classes,  alphabetically,  according  to  the  first  letters  of 
their  sir  names,  the    beginning  of   the  alphabet  to  draw 
first,  the  second  class  to  draw  next,  and  so  on  at  the  first, 
meeting;  at  the  next  meeting  the  first  class  to  draw  last, 
and  the  second  class  first,  and  so  on  from   time  to  time, 
by  just  rotation,  each  class   agreeing   among  themselves 
wh0  shall  draw  first. 

1 1.  This  Constitution  may  at  any  time  hereafter  be  a- 
trended  or  altered  if  found  necessary,  by  the  agreement 
and  consent  of  two   third  parts  of  the   members  of  this 
Society  and  not  otherwise. 

12.  The  Librarian    may,  if  he  shall  see  fit,  hire  out 
books  to  persons  not  members  of  this  Society,  at  the  rate 
of  six  cents  per  week  for  each  book. 

13.  We  do  agree  lo   pay  to  the  Librarian,  the  sums  of 
money  or  its  value  in  such   books  as  he  will  accept,  set 
against  our  names,    which   money  he   shall  lay  out  for 
books  for  the  use  of  the  society. 

We  whose  names  are  subscribed  do  solemnly  engage  to 
conform  ourselves  to  this  Constitution,  in  \vitness 
thereof  we  have  hereunto  set  our  names." 

,   > JESSE  TORREY,  Jan. 
SlSne(1>$        and  by  147  others. 

The  following  form  of  an  instrument  for  subscription, 
is  as  nearly  similar  as  I  can  recollect,  to  the  one  which  I 
prepared  and  circulated  among  the  citizens  of  New  Leba- 
non, during  the  winter  evenings  in  1803  and  4.  The  a- 
mount  generally  subscribed  by  each  was  fifty  cents; — 
some  subscribed  a  dollar  and  some  25  cents;  others  con- 
tributed books.  The  young  persons  of  both  sexes,  who 
were  possessed  of  means3  also,  generally  subscribed  from 


19 

12  cents  to  a  dollar,  on  signing  the  articles  of  the  consti- 
tution. But  many  were  admitted  who  contributed  noth- 
ing. 

Form  of  Subscription  for  Free  Libraries. 

**The  subscribers,  impressed  with  the  belief,  that  the 
general  dissemination  of  useful  knowledge  and  instruction 
among  the  rising  generation,  would  tend  to  the  promotion 
of  virtue  and  happiness,  agree  to  contribute  and  pay  to 

the  amount,  or  its  value  in  useful  hooks,  set 

respectively  against  our  names;  to  be  appropriated  to  the 
institution  of  a  free  circulating  library. 

And  whenever  twelve  youth,  of  either  sex,  between 
the  age  of  12  and  21  years,  shall  have  associated  for  the 
purpose  of  mental  improvement,  the  aforesaid  — —  — — 
is  authorised  to  deliver  the  money  or  books  by  us  subscri- 
bed and  paid,  to  such  agent  or  committee  as  shall  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  society  to  receive,  and  purchase  books 
with  the  same." 


ESSAYS 

On  the  pernicious   effects  &f  the  habitual  intemperate  or 
temperate  use  of  Spirituous  Liquors. 

Verily  and  sincerely  is  my  conviction  of  the  notorious 
fact,  that,  independent  of  all  the  other  infernal  marshals 
that  annoy  mankind  under  the  banners  of  Ignorance,  the 
grand  head  traitress,  (making  the  brain  her  head  quarters) 
Intemperance,  her  commanding  chief,  directing  a  fiery, 
deathly  army  of  assassins,  consisting  of  millions  cf  battal- 
ions of  half  gills,  gills,  half  pints  and  pints  of  whiskey, 
gin,  rum,  brandy,  &c.  &c.  treacherously  and  rfiurderously 
betraying  their  poisoned  arrows,  (with  a  smile  and  a  kiss) 
into  the  sangiiem  cordis  (heart's  blood;  of  their  dearest 
lovers  and  friends;  commits,  annually,  greater  and  more 
irretrievable  depredations  on  the  lives  health,  wealth, 
domestic  harmony,  virtue  and  morals,  and  physical  pow- 
er of  the  aggregate  population  of  the  republic  of  the  li- 
nked Statfs,  than  a  numerous  hostile  army  could  inflict 
by  a  perpetual  warfare  I 


20 

A  few  days  after  having  written  the  above  paragraph, 
looking  over  d  bundle  of  old  pamphlets,  1  met  with  an  ac- 
count of  the  proceedings  of  that  benevolent  association 
of  people  generally  styled  Quakers,  <k  for  promoting  the 
improvement  ami  civilization  of  (he  Indian  natives."-— 
ft  ere  1  found  a  speech  addressed  to  the  committee  of 
Friends,  at  Baltimore,  by  the  Indian  Chief  called  the  Lit- 
tle Turtle,  in  1 802.  I  consider  it  a  still  m;>re  superb  and 
moving  specimen  of  Indian  eloquence  than  that  of  Lo- 
gan—  It  is  a  pathetic  sermon  or  epitaph  oa  thousands  of 
im  poisoned  brethren !  As  short  as  it  is,  before  1  could 
go  througn  it,  I  was  several  times  compelled  to  pause,  un- 
til I  could  suppress  the  sympathetic  emotions  which  it 
excited,  and  recover  iny  interrupted  vision  froai  irresiti- 
ble  suffusions  of  moisture.  Who,  that  has  not  a  heart  of 
flint  and  an  eye  of  horn,  can  view  this  picture,  drawn  by 
an  unlettered  savage,  and  then  wheel  his  eye  over  the 
frightful  portraiture,  (as  large,  and  no  less  real  than  life) 
which  exhibits  the  present  assimilated  condition  of  us  ci- 
vilized white  men,  with  apathy  ?  Here  is  the  speech  :— . 

"  Brothers  and  friends — When  our  forefathers  first  met 
on  this  island,  your  red  brethren  were  very  numerous. 
But  since  the  introduction  amongst  us  of  what  you:  call 
spirituous  liquors,  and  what  we  think  may  be  justly  called 
POISOW,  our  numbers  are  greatly  diminished.  It  has  des- 
troyed a  great  part  of  your  red  brethren. 

"  My  Brothers  and  Friends — We  plainly  perceive,  that 
you  see  the  very  evil  which  destroys  your  red  brethren  ; 
it  is  not  an  evil  of  our  own  making,-  we  have  not  placed 
it  amongst  ourselves;  it  is  aa  evil  placed  amongst  us  by 
the  white  people ;  we  look  to  them  to  remove  it  out  of  our 
country.  We  tell  them— brethren  fetch  us  useful  things  j 
bring  goods  that  will  clothe  us,  our  women  and  our  chil- 
drr'.n,  and  not  this  evil  liquor  that  destroys  our  reason, 
that  destroys  our  health,  that  destroys  our  lives.  But 
all  we  can  say  on  this  subject  is  of  no  service,  nor  gives 
relief  to  your  red  breH'ren. 

«' My  Brothers  and  Friends — I  rejoice  to  find  (hat  you 
agree  in  opinion  with  us,  and  express  an  anxiety  to  be, 
if  possible,  of  service  to  us  in  removing  this  great  evil 
out  of  our  country;  an  evil  which  has  had  so  much  room 
in  it,  and  ha*  destroyed  so  many  of  our  lives,  that  it  cau- 
ses our  young  eaen  toeaj,  "  we  had  better  be  at  war  with 


21 

the  white  people,  this  liquor  which  they  introduce  into 
aur  country,  is  more  to  be  feared  than  the  gua  and  the 
tomahawk.  There  are  more  of  ua  dead  since  the  treaty 
of  Greenville,  than  we  lost  by  the  six  years  war  before. 
It  is  all  ovfing  to  the  introduction  of  this  liquor  amongst 
us." 

"  Brothers — When  our  youna;  men  have  been  out  htm- 
tiiig,  and  are  returning  home  loaded  with  8ki«is  and  furs, 
on  their  way,  if  it  happens  that  they  come  along  where 
gome  of  this  whiskey  is  deposited*  the  white  man  who  sells 
it,  teils  them  to  take  a  little  drink;  some  of  them  will  say 
no,  I  do  not  want  it;  they  go  on  till  they  come  to  anoth- 
er house,  where  they  find  more  of  the  same  kind  of  drink  ; 
it  is  there  offered  again;  they  refuse;  and  again  the 
third  time;  but  finally  the  fourth  or  fifth  time  one  accepts 
of  it  and  takes  a  drink,  and  getting  one,  he  wants  another; 
and  then  a  third  and  fourth,  t411  ids  senses  have  !**ft  him. 
After  big  reason  comes  oack  again  to  him,  when  he  gets 
up  and  finds  where  he  is,  he  asks  for  his  peltry — the  an- 
swer is  "you  have  drank  them"  —  where  is  my  gun?  "  It 
is  gjoae  ;"  where  is  my  blanket;?  •'  It  is  gone;1'  where  is 
ray  shirt?  "you  have  sold  it  for  whiskey!!**-  Now, 
Brothers,  figure  to  yourselves  what  condition  this  maa 
must  be  iu.  He  has  a  family  at  home;  a  wife  and  chil« 
drett,  who  stand  ia  need  <>f  the  profit*  of  his  hunting.—* 
What  must  be  tteir  wants,  when  he  himseH'is  even  with- 
out a  shirt !" 

One  of  the  most  prominent  advantages  of  civilization 
over  the  savage  state,  is  considered  to  be  the  protection 
of  the  rights  of  the  soci;U  com. met  and  it  members,  by 
equitable  laws,  from  aggressions  of  individuals.  Let  us 
inquire  whether  the  habitual  drinker  of  distilled  spirits 
does  not,  first  by  anticipation,  and  eventually  in  reality, 
plunder  the  public  treasury  ?  \  rich  man,  or  a  poor 
man,  no  matter  which,  •  for  Intemperance,  like  its  legiti- 
mate successor,  Death,  soon  bevels  all  distinctions  as  to 
fortune,  and  the  farmer  d.-i^s  ?»I?o.  in  dignity  and  res  port- 
ability) and  perhaps  honest,  except  his  fatal  mistake,  of  be- 
in??  willing  to  sacrifice  Iris  health,  life,  propertv,  reputa- 
tion, his  wife  and  ch:l'lren,  together  with  almost  every 
source  of  social  enjoyment  to  the  heathenish  God  of  stills, 
swallows  daily  the  worth  of  a  ^iven  amount  in  distilled 
spirits,  exceeding  the  collateral  ioconae  of  fass  trade, 


farm  or  labor,  exclusive  of  what  is  required  for  customa- 
ry family  expenses.  Hence,  if  mathematical  computa- 
tion tells  the  truth,  this  unfortunate  man,  together  with 
his  family,  so  far  as  any  or  all  are  incapable  of  labor,  with- 
in one,  two,  four,  eight  or  sixteen  years  according  to  the 
case,  are  inevitably  pushed  into  a  situation  that  demands 
the  compassion  and  charity  of  the  public  and  of  his  more 
prudent  neighbors.  It  is  an  ancient  and  established 
truth,  that  a  stitch  iu  time  saves  nine,  although  but  lit- 
tle heeded,  and  that  an  ounce  of  prevention  is  worth 'a 
pound  of  cure.  General  knowledge  is  the  only  infallible 
remedy  for  this  moral  pestilence.  To  American  Sages, 
therefore, 

The  aggriev'd  Genius  of  America  appeals  ; 

To  apply  the  SOVEREIGN  BALM,  and  relieve  those  Ills. 

A  statement  has  been  communicated  to  me,  from  SB 
authentic  source,  that  one  ,of  our  most  distinguished 
statesmen,  having  been  a  candidate  for  a  seat  in  one  of  our 
State  Legislatures,  disdained  to  dishonor  himself  and  his 
country,  by  purchasing  the  suffrages  of  his  fellow  citi- 
zens, with  distilled  spirits;  the  consequence  of  which  ob- 
stinacy was,  that  an  ignorant  grog-seller,  who  could  nei- 
ther read  nor  write  his  name,  not  being  over  nice  about 
"honor,  by  distributing  whiskey  profusely  amongst  the  c* 
lectors,  obtained  the  appointment.*  With  much  pain  I 
have  also  lately  learned  the  following  alarming  fact,  from 
credible  authority  :  A  philanthropic  member  of  the  Le- 
gislative Council  of  one  of  the  capital  ciMes  of  the  United 
States,  ciearly  recognising  the  calamitous  consequences, 
proceeding  from  the  existence  of  the  great  number  of 
tippling  shops,  sanctioned  by  the  public  authorities,  in 
vain  exerted  his  efforts  fora  reduction  of  the  number  of 
these  whirlpools  of  destruction  and  woe,  for  two  years, 
when,  being  discouraged,  he  withdrew  from  that  employ- 
ment with  chagrin.  One  of  the  members  was  so  in- 


*This  method  of  quickening  the  senses  of  American  citizens  to 
an  understanding  of  their  interests,  has  been  successfully  prac- 
tised for  many  years  in  several  of  the  states,  by  candidates  for 
seats  in  Congress  And  yet  we  pompously  and  justly  too,  style 
ourselves  the  most  enlightened,  virtuous,  free  and  ha^py  nation 
on  earth. 


23 

genuous  as  to  acknowledge,  that  the  reason  why  he  couli! 
not  unite  with  him  in  effecting  that  object  was,  that  he 
obtained  his  living  by  selling  distilled  spirits  to  the  retail- 
ers by  the  barrel,  and  that  the  retailers  got  their  living 
by  selling  it  to  others  in  smaller  quantities  !  On  hearing 
this,  - 1  exclaimed,  "  if  there  be  a  city  in  the  United 
States,  the  public  agents  of  which  are  governed  in  their 
proceedings  by  such  motives,  then  the  Lord  have  mercy 
on  that  city," 

The  dawn  of  this  day  had  not  commenced,  when  the 
preceding  thoughts  and  facts  glanced  thro'  my  mind  in 
instantaneous  succession. 

As  the  sun  began  to  ascend  and  diffuse  its  golden  radi- 
ance over  the  American  hemisphere;  while  I  alternate- 
ly beheld  this  majestic  agent  of  the  Creator,  and  the 
venerable  walls  of  the  last  and  only  solitary  castle,*  in 
which  the  persecuted  Genius  of  Liberty  is  permitted  to 
dwell  throughout  this  vast  Globe,  the  following  ejacula- 
tion sprang  spontaneously  from  niy  melted  heart  :  "  God 
of  the  Universe,  enlighten  my  soul  with  the  fire  of  thy 
spirit; — permit  me  to  be  the  humble  organ  through 
which  a  spark  thereof  may  be  transmitted  to  (he  souls  of 
men  in  the  United  States  of  America,  that  a  bright  Same 
may  be  thereby  kindled  in  their  minds,  that  shall  display 
clearly  to  their  senses,  a  view  of  the  fatal  and  inextrica- 
ble vortex  into  which  they  are  gradually  and  unwarily 
plunging  themselves  and  their  posterity  t"  I  then"  yiel- 
ded to  an  irresistable  impulse,  which  enjoined  it  on  me 
to  devote  the  preceding  day  to  the  execution  of  this  es- 
say, which,  if  it  prove  the  means  of  protecting  a  single 
innocent  female,  and  her  babes  from  the  venomous  jaws 
€f  the  most  cruel  hydra  that  is  permitted  to  enter  our 
dwellings  and  receive  our  voluntary  embraces  and  cor- 
dial hospital ities  ;  to  me,  it  will  afford  a  superior  com- 
pensation to  that  of  possessing  all  the  diamonds  of  all  the 
Monarchs  of  Europe. 

NOTE.— Having  written  the  above  essay,  white  at  the  City  of 
Washington  in  1815,  it  was  published  originally  in  the  National 
Intel  tig  enccr. 


*  The  Capital  of  the  United  States, 


2-* 


PHENOMENON 

Of  extracting  the  greatest  Good  from  the  worst  EtiL 

I  shall  employ  this  opportunity  to  announce  to  the  cit- 
izens ot  the  United  States  my  determination  to  eirculatej 
as  extensively  as  possible,  throughout  the  country,  me- 
morials to  the  Congress,  and  also  to  Ike  state  Legisla- 
tures, t>rayiRg  that  sufficient  funds  may  be  raised,  by  a 
liberal  system  of  duties  on  ARDENT  SPIRITS,  lor 
the  universal  establishment  of  FREE  LANCASTRI- 
AN SCHOOLS,  AND  FREE  PUBLIC  LIBRA 
HIES. 

Spirituous  liquors  ought  to  be  answerable  for  the  mis- 
chiefs which  they  produce. 

"  From  a  report  of  an  association  in  Portland,  called  ibe 
?.loral  Society,  it  appears  that  out  of  86  persons  subject 
to  the  public  charity  in  that  place,  71  had  become  go 
from  their  intemperance,  and  that  out  of  1  IB  supplied  at 
their  own  houses  hy  the  town,  more  than  half  are  of  that 
description.  The  expenees  of  the  town  in  its  charities 
exceed  6000  dollars,  and  more  than  two  thirds  of  that 
sura  went  to  support  such  persons  as  were  made  poor  hy 
their  vices.  Of  consequence,  7000  persons  are  taxed 
4000  dollars  hy  the  vices  of  their  neighbors.  From 
these  well  known  facts  the  report  proceeds  to  calculate 
almost  bi-if  a  million  of  dollars  paid  in  the  same  way  in 
this  state  only,  and  if  in  the  same  proportion  in  the  U- 
nited  States,  the  whole  amount  must  be  millions.  We 
all  enquire  what  can  be  done.  We  cannot  take  away 
personal  liberty.  We  cannot  prohibit  spirituous  liquors. 
We  cannot  punish  persons  not  convicted  of  any  breach 
of  the  laws.  We  cannot  distinguish  in  the  business  of 
life,  because  the  rich  are  sometimes  as  blame-worthy  as 
their  less  wealthy  neighbors.  We  can  say  that  when  any 
persons  are  committed  to  the  public  charity,  they  shall 
be  properly  guarded  against  temptations.  That  their  hab- 
its shall  be  considered,  and  all  restraints  \\  hich  can  con- 
sist with  health,  shall  be  laid.  We  might  hope  that  some 
laws  of  education  and  life  might  obtain.  But  as  no  love 
of  fame,  no  great  talents,  or  public  trusts,  can  be  said  to 
have  been  sufficient  to  prevent  men  and  nationsTrom  the 
guilt  and  the  sbat*>e  of  intemperance  we  have  a  right  SB 


25 

*h<?  administration  of  charity  to  regard  not  en]  y  the  health 
and  hopes  of  the  sufferer?,  but  the  safety  and  the  economy 
of  civil  society." 

The  report  of  the  Mora!  Society  exhibits  the  ravages 
of  intemperance  on  properly.  The  foHavving;  lines,  which 
I  cut  out  of  one  of  the  Philadelphia  newspapers  a  year 
ago,  depict  its  barbarous  inroads  upon  domestic  felicity  ;; 
in  comparison  with  \\hich  money  is  "  trash" 

DISSIPATION. 

KOT  the  jaws  of  Charybdis  nor  the  hoarse  rocks  in  Scylla* 

Not  all  the  fell  dangers  that  lurk  in  the  deep, 
Not  the  earthquake's  deep  yawn,  nor  the  volcano's  lava, 

Not  the  pestilence's  breath,  or  the  hurricane's  sweep* 

Not  all  the  dread  monsters  that  live  thro*  creation 
Have  caused  such  destruction,  such  mis'ry  and  woe, 

As  from  that  arch  pest  of  man-kind,  Diss'pation, 
Through  the  civilized  world  incessantly  flow, 

Tis  a  vortex  insatiate  on  whose  giddy  bosom 

The  victim  is  whirl'd  till  his  senses  are  gone, 
Till,  lost  to  all  shame  and  the  dictates  of  reason,) 

He  lends  not  one  effort  to  ever  return. 

Ah  !   view  011  it£  surface  the  ruins  of  genius, 

The  wreck  of  a  scholar,  the  Christian  and  friend  1 

The  learning,  the  wit,  the  graces  that  charm'd  us, 
In  the  mind-drowning  bowl  meet  a  premature  end, 

Al*  !  hear,  drown'd  in  tears,  the  disconsolate  mother^ 

Lament  the  lost  state  of  a  favorite  son, 
Hear  the  wife  and  the  child,  the  sister  and  brother 

Mourn  a  husband,  a  tatbtff,  a  brother  undone. 

One  tf  the,  principal  funnels  to  the  insatiable  vortex  of 
intemperance  is  the  generally  prevailing  popula<  error, 
that  the  temperate  use  of  ardent  spirits  is  innocent  and 
even  healthful  aiui  necessary.  I  \va-s  chilled  with  sur- 
prise and  almost  with  despair,  to  hear  several  of  the  cho- 
sen guardians  of  our  national  welfare,  standing  in  theijr 
places  ia  the  House  of  Representatives,  proe;aim  (heir 
sentiments  (hat.  u  distilled  spirits  had  become  one  of  ike  ne- 
cessaries cf  life,  that  the  farmer  ecu-Id  not  do  without  it  in 
his  agricultural  lalcrs,  and  that  to  impose  heavy  taxes  on 

C 


it  would  he  cppressivc  to  induffiry.***  But  1  wa?  much 
gratified  however,  to  see  that  a  majority,  (lliough  a  very 
small  one)  were  of  a  different  opinion.  It  was  strongly 
urged  by  one  gentleman  that  whkkey  is  an  important  ar- 
ticle of  manufacture;  that  it  adds  to  the  wealth  of  this 
nation,  and  ot:gU  to  be  encouraged  by  our  government. 
The  eye  thai  cannot  perceive  that  the  reverse  is  the  fact 
£pust  he  both  morally  and  politically  blind.  For  a  com- 
munity to  permit  or  encourage  the  importation  or  manu- 
facture of  disiillcd  spirits,  for  the  sake  of  the  revenue  de- 
rived therefrom,  is  precisely  the  same  policy  as  it  \\ouhl 
be  to  institute  premiums  for  the  construction  of  daggers  to 
Liab  it?  own  vitals  with. 

Extract  from  Darwin's  Zoonomia  See.  30.  '-When 
the  expediency  of  laying  a  further  tax  on  the  distillation 
of  spirituous  liquors  from  grain  was  canvassed  before  the 
House  of  Commons  some  years  ago,  it  was  said  of  the  dis« 
tillers,  with  great  truth,  kl  they  take  the  KHEADfrom  the 
people  and  convert  it  into  POltiOfi'  I"  Yet  is  this  manufac- 
tory of  disease  permitted  to  continue,  as  appears  hy  its 
paying;  into  the  treasury  above/.  900,000, f  near  a  million 
of  rnoae}'  annually.  And  thus,  under  the  names  of  Rum, 
Brandy,  Gin,  Whiskry,  usquebaugh,  wine,  cyder,  beer, 
raid  pcrJer,  alcohol  is  become  the  baae  ol  the  Christian 
World,  as  opium  of  the  Mahometan. 

Evoe  !  pnrce,  L.iber, 

Parce,  gravi  metuende  thyrso  !— HOR." 

O  !  from  grievous  sling1  of  Bacchus'  fatal  dart, 

Be  preserved  : — defend  yourself  with  all  your  art  ! 

But  it  is  almost  as  useless  t®  expostulate  with  veterans 
in  the  ranks  of  Bacchus,  as  with  those  who  are  confident 
that  they  are  under  tiie  power  of  witchcraft.  This 
fact  is  rrel!  illustrated  by  the  reply  of  a  boozy  tipler  to  a 
Quaker  of  Baltimore,  who  informed  me  that  he  was  rep- 


*  «»^wt  ;t  not  be  said  ardent  spirits  have  become  necessary  from 
habit  in  harvest,  and  in  other  seasons  of  uncommon  and  hard 
labor.  The  habit  is  a  bad  one,  and  may  be  easily  broken.  Let 
but  half  a  dozen  fanners  combine  in  a  neighborhood  to  allow 
higher  wage 3  to  their  laborers,  kc."— DK.  RUSH.  The  farm- 
era  in  ore  of  the  c<*v,niits  of  Pennsylvania  have  lately  adopted 
public  resolutions  to  suppress  the  use  of  distilled  spirits  amongst 
<heir  laborers,  at  all  seasons. 

f  About  4,006,000  dollars. 


27 

resenting  to  him  the  terrible  consequences  of  intemper- 
ance, "  I  have  no  doubt,  said  he,  but  that   all  you  say  is 
true,  but  you  might  as  well  sing  psalms  to  a,  dead  horse  as 
to  talk  to  me.*'     Yet  let  us  not  forget  that  these  unfortu- 
nate victims  of  their  own  weakness   and  imprudence  are 
still  mm;  and  claim  our  sympathy  and   comrnisseratlou 
far  their  want  of  discretion.     And  if  warnings  and  entrea- 
ties will  not  prevail,  let  us  resort  to  more  efficacious  means 
for  their  relief,  as  well  as  for  the  protection  of  the   com- 
mon interest  against  the  effects  of  their  conduct.     Re- 
proachful denunciations,   however,  are  not  only  useless, 
but  injurious  and   uncharitable.     lt  We  all  enquire   what 
can  be  done  ?  We  cannot  takeaway  personalliberty."£ce. 
What  is  liberty  ?  Does  it  permit  one  individual  to  deprive 
another,  directly  or  indirectly  of  the  fruits  of  his  toil  and 
prudence?  What  is  the  difference,  except  in  a  criminal 
point  of  view,  whether   my  neighbor  picks  my   pocket  or 
places  his  weeping  starving    wife  and  children  in  such  a 
situation,  that  I  must  either  empty  my   pocket  myself  to 
relieve  them,  or    see   them   perish  ?  It   is  lamentable,  ,;g 
well  as  astonishing  that  so  fesv  of  our  citizens  have  granted 
this  subject  its  lawful  weight  either  io  the  scales  of  policy, 
morality,  physics  or  religion.     Is  there  an  individual  who 
is  not  no\v  affected,  more  or  ICSF,  in  some  shape  or  othrr, 
from  the  immense  deficit  in  the  national  wealth,  occasion- 
ed by  the  appropriation  of  20^000,000  dollars  annually  du- 
ring the  last  twenty   years,  to  a  threefold  worse  (Purpose 
than  annihilation?  Twice  we  have  bravely  resisted  and 
spurned  political,  despotism  ,  and  at  length  we  have  pros- 
trated our  necks  under  the  sceptre  of  king  ALCOHOL . 

With  an  incredible  infatuation  we  have  sacrificed  the  gol- 
den presents  of  Ceres  on  the  hissing  copper  altars  of  cra- 
zy Bacchus.  Were  I  allowed  the  privilege  of  oblitera- 
ting the  two  greatest  scourges  ef  man  kind,  I  would  select 
the  art  of  distilling  food,  and  the  art  of  war.  I  am  not 
disposed  to  attach  any  degree  of  moral  turpitude,  to  man- 
ufacturers or  sellers  of  ardent  spirits  ;  but  it  does  seem  to 
me  that  if  they  would  revolve  and  scrutinize  the  subject 
in  its  real  genuine  cnaracter,  they  would  not  hesitate  to 
renounce  an  employment  which  involves  in  its  develope- 
ment,  the  propagation  of  so  much  human  misery  and 
wretchedness.*  But  the  nation  must  take  this  matter  in 
hand,  or  nothing  essential  can  be  done. 

*  fk.  merchant  of  Virginia  by  the  name  of  Scholfleld,   listened  to 


23 

The  safety  of  the  nation  is  at  stake !  Lot  the-  question 
be  fairly  stated:- — it  is,  \vhetherReason  or  AJco-feol  shall 
predominate?  Or, 

Reason,  Virtac9  the  Lives, 

Health,  Wealth, 

Morals  and  Mappiness 

of  our  citizens ! ! 
versus 

Alcohol,  Intemperance^ 

Pice,  Poverty  and 

Mistry,  Crimes  and  Infamy, 

Disease  and  Death ! ! 

Let  the  tribunal  consist  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  male  and  female,  eld  and  young,  of  whatever 
condition,  as  jurors  :  and  their  legislators  as  judge?. — 
Let  every  one  that  can  speak  say  yea  or  nay,  and  record 
it  with  his  or  her  name  or  mark.  We  know  women  and 
children  are  not  allowed  a  voice  in  making  laws,  but  in 
this  case  particularly,  their  fate  is  seriously  concerned, 
and  their  voices  ought  to  be  listened  to,  and  duly  regar- 
ded. Let  the  public  will  be  called  forth  by  meetings 
and  memorials.  Let  it  he  ascertained  whether  the  ma- 
jority prefer  self-preservation  or  self-destruction.  Dr. 
Rush  says,  "  let  good  men  of  every  class  unite  and  be- 
siege the  general  and  state  governments  with  petition? 
to  limit  the  number  of  taverns;  to  impose  heavy  duties 
upon  ardent  spirits,  &c." 

Another  writer  who  has  given  a  lively  picture  of  the 
devastations  of  distilled  liquor?,  says,  "  lot  men  who 
wish  well  to  their  country,  unite  in  petitions  to  govern-- 
Kient,  to  impose  still  heavier  duties  upon  imported  spir- 
its, and  our  own  distillers;  and  to  regulate  taverns  and 
retailers  of  spirits  ,•  and  to  secure  the  property  of  habitu- 
al drunkards,  for  the  benefit  of  their  families." 

There  has  been  "  much  speaking,"  much  writing,  much 
printing,  and  much  preaching,  on  this  subject,  ami  but 
little  benefit  seems  to  result  from  the  whole,  it  ia  time 


his  conscience,  and  bternt  all  his  distilled  liquors  publicly  on  the 
summit  of  a  mountain.  Another  in  Delaware,  beat  in  tha  heads 
of  his  casks.  A  respectable  French  gentleman  having  purchased 
an  estate  at  Buffal  ,e  (N.  V.)  on  which  was  a  distilling-  establish- 
ment,  demolished  it  immediately  on  taking-  possession,  gay'm-*?  he 
"^  had  done  on?  go  yd  deed" 


29 

to  try  a  Hftle  doing.  This  will  accomplish  much  more 
than  talking.  ik  Therefore  whosoevrer  heareth  taese  say- 
ings of  mine,  and  docth  them,  I  will  liken  him  unto  a 
wise  man,  which  bull  this  house  upon  a  rock." — [JESUS.] 
Let  our  •'  good  men,**  of  whom  the- number  is  undoubted- 
ly great,  adopt  the  beautiful  maxim  of  the  late  Cotton 
Mather,  author  of t;  Etsays  to  do  good"  u  that  a  power 
and  an  apportunity  io  do  good,  not  only  gives  a  right  to 
the  doing  of  it,  but  makes  the  doing  of  it  a  duty."  The 
inducement  for  doing  good,  ought  to  be  further  strength- 
ened by  the  circumstance  that  it  carries  with  it  its  own 
reward;  or  AS  I  once  heard  a  public  speaker  of  th© 
Friends'  Society  elegantly  express  the  sentiment,  "  that 
while  you  are  plucking  thorns  from  your  neighbors  breast, 
you  are  strewing  your  own  path  with  flowers."  It  is  in  the 
power  of  men  of  affluence  to  be  the  most  active  in  effec- 
ting a  reformation  of  the  public  morals,  ami  in  point  of 
interest  they  are  also  most  concerned. 

I  have  prepared  the  following  forms  of  memorial?, 
which  it  is  my  intention  to  offer  for  signature  as  widely 
as  it  may  be  in  my  power  ;  and  I  do  most  ardently  hope 
they  may  be  transcribed  and  presented  in  every  house 
occupied  by  human  inhabitants,  in  the  United  States,— 
Preachers,  School-masters,  Post  masters,  and  others  to 
whom  it  may  be  convenient  and  agreeable, are  respectful- 
ly invited  to  cooperate  in  this  exceedingly  necessary 
work.  Let  us  not  shrink  from  the  task,  on  account  of 
its  magnitude,  and  the  fear  of  its  impracticability.  And 
if  we  even  fail  to  accomplish  all  that  we  would,  there  is 
still  a  self  satisfaction,  anil  must  be  some  utility,  in  doing 
ail  that  we  can. 

Memorial  of  Sundry  inhabitants  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  to  the  President,  Senate,  and  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives;.— praying  that  laws  may  be  enacted  for  the 
suppression  of  the  unnecessary  use  of  spirituous  liquors, 
and  for  the  general  diffusion  of  knowledge. 

Whereas  we  the  subscribers  view  with  deep  concern, the 
alarming  and  increasing  extent  of  the  moral,  political  and 
physical  calamities  produced  by  the  vast  consumption  of 
spirituous  liquors  in  our  country.  The  reality  of  the  evil 
is  s  ocons-picuous  and  palpable,  that  it  would  he  a  waste  of 
ink  and  paper  to  delineate  its  specific  features.  The  ab- 
stract principles  of  liberty,  and  the  relative  rights  of  mm, 
authorise  and  demand  legislative  interposition.  The 
citizen  who  wantonly  destroys  hi*  property  ;  his  health  $ 
C  a 


his  meatal  faculties  ;  by  drinking  spirituous  liquors;  and 
thereby  thrusis  himself  or  a  helpless  family  upon  the  pu})- 
lie  bounty,  commits  a  trespass  on  the  rights  of  the  com- 
munity. We  consider  it  the  duty  of  government  to  a- 
dopt  measures  for  preventing  such  aggressions  no  less? 
than  for  the  security  and  recovery  of  ordinary  debts. 

And  whereas  we  are  fully  convinced  that  the  early  in- 
struction of  the  rising  generation  in  the  moral  duties  of 
life}  would  contribute  materially  io  avert  the  evils  under 
consideration.  We  therefore  implore  and  request  the 
government  of  these  United  States,  to  provide  for  the 
education  of  every  youth,  whose  education  is  not  other- 
wise provided  for,  within  the  jurisdiction  thereof. — For 
this  purpose,  as  well  as  to  discourage  intempe.ance,  \ve 
earnestly  recommend  that  a  duty  of  fifty  cents  per  gallon 
be  imposed  upon  all  spirituous  liquors  manufactured  within 
the  United  States ; — and  one  dollar  per  gallon  upon  ail 
wines  and  spirituous  liquors,  phich  shall  be  imported  : — . 
the  monies  accruing  from  the  duties  on  domestic  liquors, 
to  be  appropriated  to  the  establishment  of  free  Lancas- 
trian and  common  schools,  and  free  circulating  libraries, 
in  the  respective  districts  in  which  the  taxes  shall  he, 
levied  and  collected  : — and  the  duties  on  imported  li- 
quors to  be  applied  to  the  same  purpose,  in  such  manner 
and  place  as  the  wisdom  of  Congress  shall  suggest. 

Memorial 'of  the  inhabitants  of  the  State- of — — 

to  the  Governor,  and  Legislature  thereof,  praying  that 
effectual  laws  may  be  enacted  for  the  suppression  of  the 
unnecessary  use  of  spirituous  liquors,  &c. 

Whereas  the  subscribers  behold  with  fearful  concern, 
the  alarming  ravages  of  spirituous  liquors  on  the  health, 
lives,  property,  morals  ?nd  domestic  happiness  of  the 
people  of  this  State.  Self-defence,  and  the  equal  rights 
of  man  authorise  legislative  interposition. 

The  citizen  who  destroys  the  products  of  his  labor, 
his  health,  his  mental  faculties,  by  drinking  spirituous 
liquors,  and  thereby  thrusts  himself  or  a  helpless  family 
upon  the  public  bounty,  commits  'a  trespass  on  the 
rights  of  the  community.  We  consider  it  the  duty  of  gov- 
ernment to  adopt  rnef  sures  for  preventing  such  aggres- 
sions, no  less  than  for  the  security  and  recovery  of  ordi- 
nary debts.  We  therefore  implore  and  request  the  legis- 
lature of  this  state  to  enact  laws  for  placing  the  prop- 
erty of  habitual  drunkards,  in  the  care  of  trustees,  for  the 
benefit  of  their  families;  to  be  restored  again  whenever 


31 

such  mentally  diseased  persona  shall  have  recovered 
their  reason,  and  discretion-:  —  To  restrict  live  licences 
for  selling  distilled  spirits  by  drams,  solely  to  such 
Inns  as  shall  be  considered  requisite  for  the  entertain- 
ment of  travellers  : — To  impose  a  tax  of  one  cent  upon 
every  half  gill  of  distilled  spirits  vended  by  Innkeepers; 
and  1212  cents  per  quart  upon  all  distilled  spirits,  l.»y 
whomsoever  sold,  in  quantities  exceeding  one  gill,  and 
less  than  ten  gallons  :  And  to  appropriate  the  monies 
thence  accruing,  to  the  establishment  o!  free  Lancastrian 
and  common  schools,  free  circulating  libraries  ;  Alms 
houses,  Asylums  and  Infirmaries  for  tke  benefit  of  indi- 
gent victims  of  intemperance  ;  houses  of  employment  ; 
and  to  such^other  purposes  as  may  be  found  expedient, 

It  is  the  more  indispensable  to  obtain  (he  sentiments 
of  the  people  at  large,  on  this  momentous  national  ques- 
tion, in  the  manner  here  proposed,  on  account  of  a  pre- 
judice indulged  by  many,  (^  legislators  in  particular,  with 
whom  I  have  frequently  discussed  the  subject,)  that  le- 
gislative restrictions  upon  the  distribution  and  use  of 
spirituous  liquors,  would  excite  disaffection  and  rebellion- 
Such  is  my  confidence  in  a  contrary  result,  even  with 
respect  to  the  captives  of  Intemperance  themselves  ; 
and  such  my  impressions  of  the  imperious  necessity  and 
duty  of  combatting  the  progress  of  that  unmerciful  ty- 
rant and  murderer;  that  I  feel  willing  to  devote  a  large 
proportion  of  the  subsequent  time  that  my  life  may  be 
preserved,  to  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  fact.  I  am 
not  a  fanatic  ;  but  I  confess  my  solicitude  and  zeal  OR 
this  subject,  approach  nearly  to  enthusiasm.  The  case 
surely  demands  the  concurrent  enthusiasm  and  persever- 
ance of  all  who  possess  the  least  sympathy  for  the  suffer- 
ings and  woes  of  their  fellow-men.  And  the  very  suffer- 
ers are  not  so  indifferent  as  has  been -generally  supposed. 
Many  have  addressed  their  supreme  Parent,  with  suppli- 
cations to  rescue  and  protect  them  from  the  fascinating 
charm,  and  twining  gripe  with  which  that  cunning  serpent 
Alcohol  inveigles  its  prey.  And  they  are  not  wholly  a- 
verse  to  coercieve  means  of  relief.  Several  have  sought 
their  emancipation,  in  oaths  of  abstinence  for  a  given 
term.  Some  have  offered  premiums  for  a  remedy  to  the 
habit  of  drinking  ; — and  one  individual  of  this  descrip- 
tion, declared  to  the  writei  of  these  essays,  that  he 
65  wished  government  would  impose  a  lax  upon  whiskey  of 


32 

five  dollars  a  gallon,  and  then  he  should  stop  drinking  it." 
OQ  the  whole,  the  ptobability  is,  that  a  more  fo  iiHtU- 
ble  resistance  to  the  taxation  of  spirituous  liquors,  will 
spring  iVom  the  manufacturers,  importers  and  sellers  of 
them,  than  from  the  consumers.  This  conclusion  is  au- 
thorised by  the  fact,  that  so  many  fortunes  have  been  ac- 
quired by  those  occupations;  by  the  acknowledgment  of 
the  Alderman,  as  narrated  in  the  preceding  essays, 
(page  23)  and  decisively  by  the  late  remonstrance  pub- 
lished by  the  grocers  of  the  city  of  New- York.  So  that 
the  business  at  length  resolves  itself  into  this  great  mor- 
al and  political  problem  ; — \TITETHEH  THE  MAJORITY  OF 

'Oi  R  CITIZENS  FROM  WHoM  ALL  POLITICAL  AUTHORITY 
ORIGINATES,  SHALL  FIND  IT  TO  BE  JUSTICE  AND  COR- 
KECT  POLICY,  TO  GRANT  ONE  SECTION  OP  THE  COMMU- 
NITY, THt;  PRIVILEGE  OF  "  GETT ING  THEIR  LIV- 
ING." OH  ACCUMULATING  ESTATE-IS,  THROUGH  THE 
BANKRUPTCY  AKD  MORAL  AND  PHYSICAL  DESTRUCTION 
OF  ANOTHER  MORE  NUMEROUS,  B¥T  I M  PUL'DE^T  SECTION  ? 


THE  HABITUAL  TEMPERATE  USE  OF  SPIR- 
ITUOUS LIQUORS,  A  VIOLATION   OF 
MORAL    PURITY,  AND    RELI- 
GIOUS DUTY. 

So  far  as  it  is  in  our  power  to  understand  the  de- 
signs and  laws  of  our  Creator,  for  ihe  regulation  of  our 
conduct,  it  is  botii  our  duty  and  interest  to  ybid  perfect 
compliance.  The  preservation  of  health  and  life,  is  un- 
questionably one  of  our  most  palpable  and  explicit  duties. 
Every  act  therefore  which  impairs  our  health  and  dimin- 
ishes the  period  of  our  livts,  is  a  violation  of  the  express 
command  of  God.  I  shall  endeavor  to  demonstrate  by 
physiological  facts,  that  both  these  effects  are  produced 
more  or  less,  by  the  application  of  distilled  spirits  to  the 
stomach,  in  whatever  quantity.  AH  our  food,  whether 
Yegetable  or  animal,  is -originally  derived  from  the  vegeta- 
ble kingdom.  The  materials  from  which  vegetables  re- 
ceive their  nutriment  generally  exi^t  in  an  oxided  state. 
Thus  water  contains  nearly  sevea  eighths  of  its  weight  oi: 
oxygen;  carbonic  acid  nearly  three  fourths,  and  all  de- 
caying vegetable  and  animal  matter  is  found  highly  satu- 
rated with  it.  The  great  process  of  vegetation  appears  to 
Consist  in  decomposing  the  various  substances  \\hlch  mp- 


33 

ply  the  rudiments  of  its  food,  and  in  expelling  the  exees* 
of  oxygen,  with  which  they  are  always  combined.  The 
first  product  of  vegetation  is  sugar,  which  contains  8  parts 
hydrogen,  28  carbon,  and  64  of  oxygen,  and  being  the 
crudest  and  most  abundant  article  of  food  that  exists,  is 
probably  designed  for  the  support  of  the  gramenivorous 
races  of  animals;  as  the  various  grasses*,  including  the  su- 
gar cane,  yield  more  of  it  than  any  other  plants.  Wheth- 
er a  digression  or  not,  I  must  here  announce  the  impor- 
tant fact  that  sugar  is  an  improper  and  deleterious  article 
of  diet  for  man,  and  a  prolific  source  of  disease,  which,  if 
my  life  is  spared,  I  shall  at  a  future  time,  attempt  to  de- 
monstrate both  from  facts  and  the  physical  laws  of  nature, 
The  second  stage  towards  the  perfectability  of  the  nutri- 
tive principle,  is  that  of  gum  or  mucilage,  which  contains 
only  half  its  quantity  of  oxygen;  14  parts  in  a  hundred 
less  than  sugar.  Feeula  or  starch  is  a  fraction  finer,  and 
•  s  the  product  of  those  seeds  which  constitute  the  princi- 
pal aad  propably  the  most  appropriate  food  for  men.  Su- 
gar is  found  in  the  most  common  juice  or  sap  of  plants 
and  trees,  while  gum  is  confined  chiefly  to  the  bark,  root, 
or  heart,  and  fecuia  and  oil,  to  the  seeds  and  nuts.  Oil  is 
still  farther  refined,  containing  77.243  carbon,  13.36 
hydrogen,  and  only  9.427  of  oxygen.  Gluten  the  most 
nutritive  substance  with  which  we  are  acquainted,  is 
composed,  according  to  Accum,  entirely  of  hydrogen, 
carbon  and  nitrogen.  It  is  afforded  in  greater  quantity 
from  wheat,  than  any  other  vegetable. 

Now  in  order  to  obtain  alcohol,  ('or  whiskey.)  from  any 
of  the  seeds  used  for  bread,  it  is  necessary  that  they 
should  be  subjected  to  the  recontamination  of  oxygen, 
so  as  to  reduce  them  back  to  their  crude  saccharine 
state.  Then  the  vinous  fermentation,  imparting  still 
raore  oxygen,  must  be  applied  and  continued  until  those 
once  nntritive  milky  materials  have  become  sensibly  acid 
or  sour.  From  this  loathsome  leaven  (or  yeast)  of  de- 
pravity .disease  and  death,  the  serpentine  alembic,with  the 
aid  of  the  furnace,  disgorges  a  liquid  fire,  which  consumes 
the  health,  happiness  and  lives  of  thousands  and  millions 
of  unthinking  infatuated  men.  The  literal  chemical 
term  for  this  fluid  would  be  the  oxide  of  nutriment :  and 
it  is  in  /his  state  that  most  poisons  exist;  being  indebted 
Ibr  their  activity  to  oxygen  ;  as  the  oxides  of  arsenic  cop- 
per, antimony,  lead,  silver,  quicksilver,  &c.  The  com 


34 

position  of  alcohol  is  as  follows  :— Oxygen  37. 85,  Car- 
bon 43.65,  Hydrogen  24.94,  Azote  3.52,  Ashes  0.04, 
-=  100.00.  Composed  of  very  inflammable  materials, 
in  a  disengaged  state,  and  mingled  with  more  than  one 
third  of  its  weight  of  oxygen,  the  cotimon  vehicle  of  fire, 
it  commences  a  kind  of  smother^d-combustion  instanta- 
neously on  its  reception  unto  the  stomach;  corrodes  the 
organs  of  digestion,  excites  an  unnatural  heat  and  violent 
circulation  of  the  biood;  attended  with  delirium,  and  suc- 
ceeded by  a  loss  of  strength,  proportioned  to.tlie  excess  of 
excitement  produced  by  the  irritating  agent.  Several 
other  poisons  produce  similar  effects.  It  is  an  infallible 
axiom  in  the  physical  organization  of  man,  that  every  ex- 
citement of  his  vital  powers  beyond  the  point  to  which 
his  Creator  has  adapted  him,  which  is  the  uniform  effect 
of  alcohol,  diminishes  his  capacity  for  repeating  like  mo- 
tions from  like  means.  Hence  it  may  be  safely  inferred 
that  every  drain  of  spirituous  liquors  of  any  description,  is 
a  check  upon  the  capital  stock  of  strength  and  life>  and  has- 
tens the  approach  of  ike  hour  of  dissolution,  in  proportion 
to  ike  indulgence.  Each  dram  increases  the  appetite  for 
another,  and  the  necessity  of  an  increased  quantity,  to 
produce  an  equal  effect,  multiplies  in  a  progressive  ratio. 
Thus  it  follows,  unavoidably,  that  the  habitual  temperate 
use  of  ardent  spirits  is  a  pernicious  and  vicious  practice. 
Besides  its  consumption  of  vital  power,  it  will  be  found 
an  unjustifiable  and  immoral  habit  in  another  point  of 
view.  It  is  a  wanton  and  unnecessary  waste  of  proper- 
ty, which  ought  to  be  religiously  preserved,  even  by  those 
who  possess  it,  in  ever  so  great  profusion.  Dr.  Frank- 
lin says  whoever  draws  a  fish  from  the  sea,  draws  up  a 
piece  of  silver.  Whoever  swallows  two  gills  of  distilled 
spirits  daily,  annihilates  20  ounces  of  silver  a  year,  or  20 
bushels  of  rye;  for  the  want  of  which  many  of  his  own 
posterity  may  eventually  starve  to  death.  In  this  way, 
it  has  been  estimated  by  a  late  writer  that  the  people  of 
the  United  States,  destroy  33,385,629  dollars  annually. 
Considering  this,  and  the  many  other  useless  and  superflu- 
ous modes  of  diminishing  the  common  stock  of 
Rational  wealth,  there  is  no  reason  to  be  surprised  to 
iiear  the  present  universal  re-echo  of  "  hard  tiuws? 
"dull  times?  "scarcity  of  money?  "  scarcity  and  high 
price  of  bread  corn?  '•  sales  by  'execution?  *'  difficulty 
of  collecting  debts?  "  insolvencies?  u  pauperism?  &c>  &c. 


35 
APPENDIX. 

AMERICAN  POLITICS. 

The  reason  why  the  citizens  of  the  U.  States  are  separa- 
ted into  two  great  contending  political  parties,  calumnia- 
ting and  provoking  each  other  with  vollics  of  corrosive 
epithets  and  abuse,  is  to  me  inexplicable.  ;  Ask  every 
citizen  indiscriminately  his  political  creed,  and  99  him- 
dredths  will  give  synonimous  answers.  Both  parties 
cling  to  the  same  standard,  the  federal  constitution,  and 
yet  reproach  each  other  with  the  i$rm&  federal,  democrat^ 
<€T.  without  reflecting  on  the  meaning  of  either.  The 
word  federal  signifies  nothing  more  than  united,  and  has 
no  concern  with  modes  or  systems  of  government,  what- 
ever. The  word  democracy  signifies  government  by  the 
people^  and  composes  one  of  the  most  essential  and  admi- 
rable qualities  of  our  political  system.  Any  other  mode 
of  government  must  originate  from  usurpation,  violence, 
and  oppression.  It  is  very  plain  that  no  man  is  born 
marked  by  the  Creator  above  another,  "  for  none  comes 
into  the  world  with  a  saddle  on  his  back,  nor  any  booted 
and  spurred  to  ride  him."  With  rare  exceptions  it  is 
the  unanimous  political  theorem  of  the  citizens  of  the  li- 
nked States,  of  both  parties,  that  the  people  are  the  only 
source  of  legitimate  power,  and  that  legislators  are  only 
public  agents,  or  servants,  dependent  on  the  confidence 
of  their  employ  era  for  the  continuation  of  their  term  of 
service.  All  claim  and  assume  the  title  of  republican, 
the  literal  meaning  of  which  is  public  affairs^  general 
interest,  common  good,  &c.  Whence  then  all  this  sense- 
less clamor  about  Toryism  and  Democracy,  Federalism 
and  Republicanism,  British  Influence  and  French  Influ- 
ence, &c.  &c.  ?  Can  it  spring  entirely  from  pure  patriot- 
ism  on  either  side  ?  Does  not  a  great  proportion  of  it 
proceed  from  self-interested  aspirants  for  office, and  publish- 
ers of  news- papers  ?  Let  every  one  examine  and  decide 
for  himself.  In  selecting  candidates  for  public  trust,  be- 
ware of  the  imperious  haughty  Aristocrat  or  tyrant,  what- 
ever party  or  title  he  may  assume.  Without  distinction 
of  party  names,  let  the  indisperipable  qualifications,  be  in- 
tegrity, capacity,  wisdom,  moral  rectitude  and  patriotism. 

But  the  most  lamentable  and  mischievous  prevailing1  political 
errors,  after  all,  and  which  are  confined  to  no  specific  party,  are 
the  customs  of  sending  to  the  other  side  of  the  globe  annually, 
several  millions  of  silver  dollars^  to  be  exchanged  for  tree  leaves^ 
which  produoe  an  injury  seven  fold  greater  than  the  cost  of  them, 


so 

in  promoting  the  general  epidemic  of  indigestion  aa«L  ncrvoss 
complaints  ;  of  sending  to  Europe  several  millions  more  for  con- 
temptible trifles  for  the  gratification  of  a  vain  and  ridiculous  fan- 
cy ;  several  millions  more  to  the  West  Indies  for  n:m,  sugar, 
molasses,  coffee,  and  tobacco,  which  co-operate  in  their  effects 
Disjoint  allies  with  the  said  shrubbery,  first  mentioned  ;  of  sacri- 
ficing-20,000,000  more  for  whiskey  the  worst  commodity  of  all, 
in  our  own  country;  and  lastly  of  paying  many  millions  more  to 
the  numerous  distributors  of  those  various  seeds  of  moral  and  phy- 
sical contathination  three  fourths  of  whom  might  otherwise,  be 
employed  in  augmenting  the  national  wealth,  in  a  variety  of  use- 
/,»/  occupations. 

Soon  after  having  finished  the  foregoing  work,  the  au- 
thor was  presented,  by  a  friend,  wiih  the  following  mourn- 
ful dirge  ;  with  a  request  to  insert  it, if  thought  appropos  to 
the  present  subject. 

THE  LOVERS  OF  RUM. 

I've  mus'd  on  the  mis'ries  of  life, 

To  find  from  what  quarter  they  come, 
Whence  most  of  confusion  and  strife, 

Alas  !  from  the  Lovers  oi'  Rum. 

I  met  v/ith  a  fair  one  clistress'd. ; 

I  ask'd  from  whence  her  sorrows  could  come .. 
She  replied,  "  I  am  sorely  oppressed, 

"  My  husband's  a  Lover  of  Rum." 

I  found  a  poor  child  in  the  street, 

Whose  limbs  by  the  cold,  were  all  numb., 

No  stockings  or  shoes  on  his  feet, 
His  father's  a  Lover  of  Rum. 

I  went  to  collect  a  small  debt, 

The  master  was  absent  from  home  ; 
The  sequel  1  need  not  relate, 

The  man  was  a  Lover  of  Hum. 

I  met  with  a  pauper  in  Rags, 

Who  ask'd  for  a  trifling  sum  : 
I'll  tell  .you  the  cause  why  he  begs, 

He  once  was  a  Lover  of  Rum. 

•I've  seen  men,  from  health,  wealth  and  eases 

Untimely,  descend  to  the  tomb, 
I  need  not  describe  their  disease, 

Because  the)  were  Lovers  of  Rum. 

Ask  prisons,  and  gallowses  all, 

Whence  most  r.i"  their  customers  como  : 
From  whence  they  have  most  ot  their  calls, 

Thev'll  tell  you,  "  from  Lovers  of  Rum." 


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